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Mg-based alloys 2024

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Please wait a minute... For Selected: Download Citations EndNote Ris BibTeX Toggle Thumbnails Select Achieving exceptionally high strength and rapid degradation rate of Mg-Er-Ni alloy by strengthening with lamellar γ′ and bulk LPSO phases Chaoneng Dai, Jingfeng Wang, Yuanlang Pan, Kai Ma, Yinhong Peng, Ye Wang, Danqian Wang, Chunhua Ran, Jinxing Wang, Yanlong Ma J. Mater. Sci. Technol.    2023, 168: 88-102.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2023.02.064 Abstract （54）      PDF       Knowledge map    As-extruded Mg-Er-Ni alloys with different volume fractions of long-period stacking ordered (LPSO) phase and density of lamellar γ′ phase were prepared, and the microstructure, mechanical, and degradation properties were investigated. Coupling the bulk LPSO phase and the lamellar γ′ phase, and controlling the dynamic recrystallization processes during deformation by adjusting the volume fraction of LPSO and the density of the γ′ phase, a synergistic increase in strength and degradation rate can be achieved. On the one hand, the increase in corrosion rate was related to the increased volume fraction of the bulk LPSO phase and the densities of the lamellar γ′ phase, which provide more galvanic corrosion. Moreover, high densities of the lamellar γ′ phase can provide more corrosion interface by inhibiting the recrystallization process to refine dynamic recrystallized (DRXed) grains during the hot extrusion. On the other hand, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and tensile yield strength (TYS) of the Mg-Er-Ni alloy increased from 345 and 265 MPa to 514 MPa and 358 MPa, respectively, which was mainly attributed to grain boundary and texture strengthening, bulk LPSO phase and lamellar γ′ phase strengthening. Overall, Mg-14Er-4Ni alloy, which contains the highest volume fraction bulk LPSO phase and the densities of lamellar γ′ phase, realized a synergistic enhancement of strength and degradation rate. The UTS, TYS, and degradation rate of Mg-14Er-4Ni were 514 MPa, 358 MPa, and 142.5 mg cm-2 h-1 (3 wt% KCl solution at 93 ℃), respectively. This research provides new insight into developing Mg alloys with high strength and degradation rates for fracturing tool materials in the application of oil and gas exploitation in harsh environments. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Select Improvement of the conversion efficiency of Mg3Sb2 thermoelectric devices through optimizing the resistivity of the MgSbNi barrier layer Huimin Zhang, Yachao Wang, Zuhair A. Munir, Yongzhong Zhang, Wenhao Fan, Shaoping Chen J. Mater. Sci. Technol.    2023, 168: 208-214.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2023.05.034 Abstract （36）      PDF       Knowledge map    Mg3Sb2-based thermoelectric materials have been the focus of widespread investigations as promising candidates for the harvesting of waste heat. Interface stability and service performance are key points for the commercial applications of these materials. We utilized Mg4.3Sb3Ni as a barrier layer to improve the thermal stability of Mg3Sb2-based devices. However, its intrinsic high resistivity contributed negatively to the desired performance of the device. In this work, we investigated two other Mg-Sb-Ni ternary phases, MgSbNi and MgSbNi2, as new barrier layer materials to connect with Mg3.2Sb2Y0.05. The results show that the efficiency of the Mg1.2SbNi/Mg3.2Sb2Y0.05/Mg1.2SbNi joint is increased by 33% relative to the higher Mg-content barriers due to lower resistivity. The system exhibited good interfacial compatibility and showed little change with aging at 673 K for 20 days. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Select Enhancement of mechanical properties of GTAW joints for ZC63 magnesium alloy by post-weld heat treatment Weiyang Zhou, Qichi Le, Ye Shi, Qiyu Liao, Tong Wang, Qi Zou, Clodualdo Aranas Jr J. Mater. Sci. Technol.    2024, 169: 251-263.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2023.06.019 Abstract （45）      PDF       Knowledge map    To further improve the microstructure and mechanical properties of gas tungsten arc welded (GTAW) welded joints for ZC63 magnesium alloy, post-weld heat treatment is carried out. It is found that the majority of the MgZnCu phase in the fusion zone (FZ) is dissolved in the α-Mg matrix under suitable heat treatment conditions. The remainder is diffusely distributed as rods or granules at the grain boundaries. The excessive heat treatment temperature (460 °C) leads to abnormal grain growth (AGG) in the FZ. The substructure gradient between the abnormally grown grains and the surrounding small grains provides the driving force for AGG. Meanwhile, the dissolution of the MgZnCu phase weakens the hindering effect of the second phase on grain boundary migration, setting the stage for AGG. In addition, the detrimental impact of the continuous MgZnCu phase on the mechanical properties of the welded joint is also lessened by its dissolution. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength (YS) and elongation (EL) of the welded joints are 255 MPa,119 MPa and 27.0%, respectively, under the post-weld heat treatment process of 440 °C × 12 h. The welding coefficient of the welded joint reaches 97.0%, satisfying the service criteria set forth by the mechanical properties of the welded joints. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Select Gradient microstructure and superior strength-ductility synergy of AZ61 magnesium alloy bars processed by radial forging with different deformation temperatures Jingfeng Zou, Lifeng Ma, Yanchun Zhu, Ling Qin, Yuan Yuan J. Mater. Sci. Technol.    2024, 170: 65-77.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2023.07.003 Abstract （42）      PDF       Knowledge map    Gradient microstructure modification is a cost-efficient strategy for high strength without compromising ductility, which is urgently needed in the fundamental science of engineering materials. In this study, heterogeneous structures of AZ61 alloy bars with anisotropic gradients (with different grain size distributions from the surface to the center) were observed to exhibit strong strength-ductility synergies under different deformation temperatures. The results reveal that the grain refinement process under medium-low temperature deformation conditions (≤ 350 °C) consists of four transition stages along the radial direction, i.e., twin activations and deformation band formations, dislocation cells and pile-ups, ultrafine sub-grains, and randomly orientated quasi-micron grains. Different deformation temperatures have a great influence on twin activations and deformation band formations, and the high temperature can easily provoke the initiation of non-basal slip. The deformation bands were determined as a primary nucleation site due to their highly unstable dislocation hindrance ability. Analysis in combination with the Radial forging (RF) deformation process, the differences of dynamic precipitates can be attributed to microstructural difference and solubility limit of Al at different temperatures. By summarizing the tensile test results, the sample forged at 350 °C exhibited the best strength-ductility synergy, exhibiting the highest elongation (EL) of 23.2% with a 251 MPa yield strength (YS) and 394 MPa ultimate tensile strength (UTS) in center region, and combined with the highest strength value of 256 MPa YS and 420 MPa UTS in the center region, while the EL was slightly degraded to 19.8%. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Select Strategy for suppressing abnormal grain growth of ZK60 Mg alloy during solution by pre-compression: A quasi-in-situ study Zhenxu Wang, Liang Chen, Jianwei Tang, Cunsheng Zhang, Guoqun Zhao J. Mater. Sci. Technol.    2024, 171: 115-128.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2023.07.015 Abstract （46）      PDF       Knowledge map    Abnormal grain growth (AGG) easily takes place in Mg alloys during high-temperature solutions, resulting in deterioration of mechanical properties. Hence, the compression prior to solution (pre-compression) was conducted to suppress AGG, and the microstructure evolution as well as suppressing mechanisms was investigated based on quasi-in-situ analysis. After compression along the transverse direction, <11-20>//ED grains preferentially nucleated and rapidly grew up, and the initial <10-10>//ED texture was weakened. Two grain growth modes of heat-induced and strain-induced grain boundary migrations were found. The former was attributed to the high interfacial energy of grain boundaries with large curvature. The latter consumed the adjacent grains with high storage energy, forming abnormal grains with irregular shapes. The compression with a reduction > 6% could obviously suppress AGG. The suppressing effects were mainly attributed to weakening the size advantage of <11-20>//ED grains, increasing nucleation, reducing grain boundary character distribution, and redistributing storage energy distribution. After 12% compression along the transverse direction, 30° misorientation of <11-20>//ED grains and high energy grain boundaries were reduced. The {10-12} tensile twins and {10-15} high index twins induced by compression increased the nucleation of static recrystallization. Beside, compression introduces high-density dislocations, which also contributed to suppressing AGG behavior during solution. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Select Effect of mechanical stresses on degradation behavior of high-purity magnesium in bone environments Yan Yao, Jie Xia, Lizhen Wang, Yuanming Gao, Xili Ding, Chao Wang, Yubo Fan J. Mater. Sci. Technol.    2024, 171: 252-261.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2023.07.043 Abstract （53）      PDF       Knowledge map    High-purity (HP) magnesium (Mg) has emerged as a promising biomaterial for supporting functional bone tissue. Our previous study found that mechanical stresses and the surrounding fibrotic tissue (subcutaneous) both play crucial roles in the degradation of HP Mg. However, due to challenges in the degradation and regeneration process in vivo, it remains unclear how stress affects HP Mg degradation in bone environments, limiting its further application. In this study, novel loading devices were designed and the effects of tensile and compressive stresses on HP Mg degradation in vivo and in vitro bone environments were quantitatively analyzed. In addition, bone osteointegration around HP Mg was explored preliminarily. Tensile stress increases the degradation rate of HP Mg in vivo and in vitro. HP Mg degradation in vivo is more sensitive to stress factors than in vitro, but the sensitivity decreases with corrosion time. The volume loss rate of HP Mg is multilinear with the applied stress and degradation time. The volume of bone tissue surrounding HP Mg is larger in the no-stress group compared to the stressed groups, which is more pronounced with increasing implantation time. These results provide valuable insights for optimizing the design of HP Mg-based implants considering load conditions. This will help to achieve a balance between the degradation rate of the implant and the regeneration rate of the surrounding bone. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Select Uncovering of the formation of rare earth texture and pseudo fiber bimodal microstructure in the high ductility Mg-2Gd-0.4Zr alloy during extrusion Tianxu Zheng, Yaobo Hu, Chao Zhang, Tianshuo Zhao, Bin Jiang, Fusheng Pan, Aitao Tang J. Mater. Sci. Technol.    2024, 172: 166-184.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2023.06.055 Abstract （39）      PDF       Knowledge map    The aim of this research was to elucidate the underlying mechanism involved in the formation of rare earth (RE) texture and pseudo fiber bimodal microstructure in the high ductility Mg-2Gd-0.4Zr alloy. The microstructure and texture evolution during the extrusion process were analyzed using various techniques, including optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). The findings revealed that the RE texture in the extruded Mg-2Gd-0.4Zr alloy emerged during the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) process and was further strengthened during the subsequent static recrystallization and grain growth processes. The nucleation and growth of grains in the streamline region of Zr particles were delayed in comparison to other regions due to the pinning effect of Zr particles, ultimately resulting in the formation of pseudofiber bimodal microstructure in the extruded Mg-2Gd-0.4Zr alloy. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Select Simultaneously enhancing the strength and ductility of as-extruded AlN/AZ91 composites via nano-precipitation and pyramidal slip Bin Zhang, Yunxia Sun, Tuo Liang, Yunzhen Li, Tian Li, Jingchao Wang, Ruiru Cai, Changlin Yang J. Mater. Sci. Technol.    2024, 172: 240-254.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2023.06.039 Abstract （56）      PDF       Knowledge map    Age hardening is often used to optimize the mechanical properties of as-deformed Mg-based materials in industry, whereas the improvement of strength is usually accompanied by the significant loss of ductility, which hinders the application of Mg-based materials in structural components. In the present work, high strength-ductility synergy (the yield strength of 263 ± 9 MPa, ultimate tensile strength of 398 ± 7 MPa and elongation to fracture of 34% ± 1%) was realized in as-extruded AlN/AZ91 composites after optimizing aging processes. Microstructural characterization shows that AlN particles induced a large number of geometrically necessary dislocations around the AlN/Mg interface during extrusion, which decreased the nucleation barrier and provided more heterogeneous nucleation sites for γ-Mg17Al12 continuous precipitation. Meanwhile, 95% of residual dislocations in as-extruded AlN/AZ91 composites were annihilated during peak-aging, suppressing the growth and coarsening of continuous precipitates. Therefore, high density of nano-sized γ-Mg17Al12 continuous precipitates was produced in as-extruded AlN/AZ91 composites after peak-aging. During tension, gliding dislocations bypassed spherical γ-Mg17Al12 nano-precipitates by Orowan looping rather than cutting mechanism, which induced a strong block on dislocation motion. So high yield strength was mainly attributed to the high density of non-shearable γ-Mg17Al12 nano-precipitates with spherical morphology, which was different from other Mg-Al-based systems. The results of texture evolution and slip trace analysis demonstrated that the suppression of extension twinning and less basal slip was due to the enhanced activity of pyramidal 〈c + a〉 slip in as-extruded AlN/AZ91 composites after peak-aging during the room temperature tension, meanwhile, the dislocation density of as-extruded AlN/AZ91 composites was significantly decreased during peak-aging, then higher elongation to fracture was achieved. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Select Decorating crystalline YFe2-xAlx on the Mg60La10Ni20Cu10 amorphous alloy as “hydrogen pump” to realize fast de/hydrogenation L.J. Huang, H. Wang, L.Z. Ouyang, M. Zhu, H.J. Lin J. Mater. Sci. Technol.    2024, 173: 72-79.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2023.07.022 Abstract （38）      PDF       Knowledge map    Mg-based amorphous alloys are one of the potential hydrogen storage materials but suffer from sluggish dehydrogenation/hydrogenation (de/hydrogenation) kinetics. In this work, as a new strategy, a hydrogen pump is built on the surface of amorphous alloys to solve this problem. By milling crystalline YFe2-xAlx hydrogen storage alloy with Mg60La10Ni20Cu10 amorphous alloy, fine crystalline particles were seeded on amorphous alloy powder to form a “strawberry” structure. According to the TEM observation, a metallurgical bonding boundary formed between the Mg-based amorphous matrix and the Y-Fe-Al crystalline alloy. By microstructure and de/hydrogenation kinetics investigation, the “hydrogen pump” effect of the seeded crystalline alloy was confirmed, which makes it much easier for the hydrogen to dissociate on and diffuse through the surface of the Mg-based amorphous alloy. With such effect, the H absorption rate of Mg60La10Ni20Cu10 amorphous alloy became almost eight times faster and it absorbs ～2.8 wt.% in 1 h at 130 °C under 4.5 MPa-H2. Further, fast hydrogenation can even achieve at 70 °C and the low-temperature dehydrogenation kinetics of the amorphous hydride can be also greatly promoted. The present work proves that surface modification is of great importance for obtaining Mg-based amorphous alloy with ideal hydrogen storage performance. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Select Realizing the purification and grain refinement of Mg-Gd-Y alloy by one-step flux refining Xin Tong, Guohua Wu, Ming Sun, Qiman Wang, Liang Zhang, Wencai Liu J. Mater. Sci. Technol.    2024, 173: 202-217.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2023.05.080 Abstract （41）      PDF       Knowledge map    In the conventional melt preparation of magnesium rare-earth (Mg-RE) alloys, the repeated heating/cooling process involved in grain refinement and flux refining usually prolongs the preparation period and aggravates melt oxidation. In this work, the purification and grain refinement of Mg-9Gd-3Y (GW93) alloy was simultaneously realized by one-step refining at 740 °C by using a self-developed compound flux. The results show that, only after holding for 10 min, the inclusion content of the alloy is reduced by 81% to 0.29%, while the grain size is reduced by 84% to 119 μm. A physical model depicting the interactions between compound flux and alloy melt was proposed based on thermodynamic calculation and microstructure observation. The grain refinement mechanism has been analyzed by considering the presence of Zr particle (Zrp) and Zr solute (Zrs). In addition, the generated RECl3 was found to be readily absorbed by the flux, decreasing the surface tension and promoting the purification efficacy of the flux, which plays an important role in the promoted elongation of the as-cast Mg-9Gd-3Y-0.5Zr (GW93K) alloy. This work presents a unique prospect in simplifying the melt preparation of Mg-RE alloy with a promoted quality. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Select Ultrasonic-assisted soldering W90 Tungsten heavy alloy to AZ31B Mg alloy using Sn-xAl alloy Xudong Zhang, Wei Fu, Xiaoguo Song, Liangbo Chen, Zhuolin Li, Shengpeng Hu, Hong Bian J. Mater. Sci. Technol.    2024, 175: 132-140.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2023.07.048 Abstract （42）      PDF       Knowledge map    A double-layered W/Mg structure is expected to be a new generation of nuclear radiation shielding material. The tungsten heavy alloy (W90) and AZ31B Mg alloy were firstly bonded by ultrasonic-assisted soldering using pure Sn and Sn-Al filler metal in an atmospheric environment. The influence of ultrasonication time on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the joint was investigated. The typical microstructure of the W90/Sn/Mg joint was W90/Mg2Sn + Sn/Mg2Sn layer/Mg. As the ultrasonication time increased from 2 s to 10 s, the joint width reduced and the thickness of the Mg2Sn layer increased. The shear strength of the joint firstly increased, then flattened, and finally decreased. The joint strength reached the maximum value of 10.5 MPa. The fracture position of the joint changed from the W90/filler metal interface to the Mg2Sn layer. The addition of Al in Sn resulted in the formation of the Al4W phase at the W/Sn-1Al interface. The W/filler metal interface changed from the semi-coherent interface to the coherent interface and the joint strength increased. As the ultrasonication time was 6 s, the shear strength W90/Sn-1Al/Mg joint reached the maximum value of 24.6 MPa and the joint fractured at two positions: W90/filler metal interface and filler metal. With the further increase of ultrasonication time, the joint strength decreased and the joint fractured in the Mg2Sn layer. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Select Corrosion behavior and mechanical property of Mg-4Li-1Ca alloys under micro-compressive stress Yuanyuan Wang, Chengbao Liu, Zuojun Jiao, Lei Cai, Cong Sun, Deming Wang, Lanyue Cui, Cuie Wen, Rong-Chang Zeng J. Mater. Sci. Technol.    2024, 175: 170-184.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2023.08.019 Abstract （55）      PDF       Knowledge map    Biomedical materials may suffer from stress-induced corrosion when performing as implant materials at load-bearing sites, bringing about variations in the microstructure, corrosion resistance, and mechanical properties. In this study, the corrosion behavior and mechanical properties of an extruded Mg-4Li-1Ca alloy were investigated under different micro-compressive stresses (0-6 MPa) using a novel homemade loading device. Under 0-3 MPa of micro-compressive stress, the strong basal texture of extruded Mg-4Li-1Ca alloys was weakened and the internal stress gradient stimulated grain boundary migration to induce grain growth. Meanwhile, increased stress resulted in the precipitation of second-phase particles and the accumulation of residual stress, accelerating the corrosion rate due to preferential corrosion. However, with increasing stress, the volume fraction of the second phase increased, becoming the dominant factor controlling the corrosion rate, and residual stress was released for samples under 4.5-6 MPa of micro-compressive stress. Hence, surface corrosion product films rapidly formed and served as effective physical barriers, weakening the microstructural effect on the corrosion behavior. The yield strength of Mg-4Li-1Ca alloy reached 95.48 MPa under 3 MPa of micro-compressive stress owing to the dual effects of precipitation strengthening and shear-band strengthening. The relationships between microstructure, corrosion behavior, and mechanical property provide a theoretical foundation for understanding the degradation characteristics of the Mg-4Li-1Ca alloy under physiological loading and practical application. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Select Refining 18R-LPSO phase into sub-micron range by pre-kinking design and its prominent strengthening effect on Mg97Y2Zn1 alloy Chao Sun, Huan Liu, Ziyue Xu, Yuna Wu, Kai Yan, Jia Ju, Jinghua Jiang, Feng Xue, Jing Bai, Yunchang Xin J. Mater. Sci. Technol.    2024, 176: 13-24.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2023.07.051 Abstract （51）      PDF       Knowledge map    In this study, a composite deformation strategy of pre-kinking (equal channel angular pressing (ECAP)) followed by large-ratio hot extrusion (HE) was designed to refine the 18R long period stacking ordered (LPSO) phase into sub-micron range in a Mg97Y2Zn1 (at.%) alloy. After the composite processing, the mechanical properties of the alloy are significantly enhanced, superior to the majority of reported Mg97Y2Zn1 and other LPSO-containing Mg alloys. Among the composite deformed alloys, the 16P-HE alloy exhibits the best mechanical properties with tensile yield strength (TYS) of 475 MPa, ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 526 MPa, and fracture elongation (FE) of 14.5%. Quantitative analysis of 18R phase indicates that increasing ECAP pass from 1 to 16 gradually decreases the average size of 18R phase from 5.1 µm to 2.3 µm. After HE, the 18R phase is further refined with a corresponding decrease in the average size in the descending order of 1P-HE (4.3 µm), 4P-HE (3.2 µm), and 16P-HE (1.4 µm) alloys. Calculation of the strengthening contributions confirms that the superior mechanical properties of 16P-HE alloy are mainly due to its strongest interface strengthening (145 MPa) and grain boundary strengthening (189 MPa) from the sub-micron 18R phase and α-Mg grains. Moreover, the strengthening effect of 18R phase decreases gradually with their morphology changing from particles to fibers, and to blocks. The obtained results further deepen and broaden the strengthening-toughening theory of 18R phase. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Select Portland cementitious coating with autogenerated oxide film and its anticorrosion behavior on magnesium alloy Danqian Wang, Ye Wang, Kai Ma, Chaoneng Dai, Jinxing Wang, Jingfeng Wang, Fusheng Pan J. Mater. Sci. Technol.    2024, 176: 99-111.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2023.04.079 Abstract （45）      PDF       Knowledge map    A simple one-step anticorrosion Portland cement (PC)-based coating with an autogenerated oxide film on the surface of Mg alloy was successfully prepared in this study. The anticorrosion of coated Mg alloys was assessed by several electrochemical methods including open circuit potential, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and cyclic potentiodynamic polarization. The morphology and composition of PC-based coatings were characterized via scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The composition of the autogenerated oxide film was analyzed via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Results show that the PC-based coatings can significantly enhance the corrosion resistance of AZ41 Mg alloy due to the synergetic effect of PC-based coating and autogenerated oxide film. Particularly, the quality of oxide film plays a dominant role in determining anticorrosion of Mg alloy. Furthermore, the addition of metakaolin and dolomite enhances the resistance of PC-based coating and meanwhile, MoO42- ions from PC-based coating can adsorb in the oxide film, improving the quality of the oxide film. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Select Effect of cross rolling on the microstructure and mechanical performance of a dual-phase structured Mg-8Li-6Zn-1Y (in wt.%) alloy Dongliang Wang, Daokui Xu, Baojie Wang, Changjian Yan, Shuo Wang, Xiangbo Xu, Lan Zhang, Cuilan Lu J. Mater. Sci. Technol.    2024, 176: 132-144.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2023.07.052 Abstract （48）      PDF       Knowledge map    The microstructure and mechanical performance of the unidirectionally and cross-directionally rolled Mg-8Li-6Zn-1Y (in wt.%) sheets have been investigated and compared. It reveals that after the unidirectional rolling (UR), the broken I-phase particles are aggregated at the α-Mg/β-Li phase interfaces. However, the cross-rolling (CR) process can not only severely break the bulk I-phase, but also cause the obviously uniform distribution of I-phase particles in the matrix phases. Moreover, the average grain size of the CR samples is 3.61 μm and about 50% that of the UR samples. The maximum texture intensities of α-Mg and β-Li phases in the CR samples are slightly stronger than those in the UR samples. Tensile results demonstrate that the CR process can effectively enhance the tensile properties and remarkably reduce the mechanical anisotropy of the alloy. For the UR samples, the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation ratio along the rolling direction (RD) are 164 MPa, 198 MPa, and 16.4%, whereas those along the transverse direction (TD) are 157 MPa, 185 MPa, and 22.0%, respectively. For the CR samples, their mechanical properties are basically the same and the mechanical anisotropy is almost eliminated. The yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation ratio along the cross-rolling direction 1 (CRD1) and 2 (CRD2) are respectively measured to be 181 MPa and 182 MPa, 220 MPa and 218 MPa, 20.6% and 20.7%. Failure analysis indicates that for the UR samples being tensile tested along the RD and TD, micro-cracks are preferentially initiated in the region of aggregated I-phase particles. For the CR samples being tensile tested along both two cross-rolling directions, the initiation of micro-cracks mainly occurs at the I-phase/matrix phase interfaces and in the interior of matrix phases. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Select Atomic-scale investigation of precipitate phases in QE22 Mg alloy Xiaojun Zhao, Zhiqiao Li, Aiping Zhang, Longlong Hao, Houwen Chen, Jian-Feng Nie J. Mater. Sci. Technol.    2024, 177: 114-127.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2023.07.070 Abstract （36）      PDF       Knowledge map    Precipitation-hardenable commercial Mg alloy QE22 (Mg-2.5Ag-2.0Nd-0.7Zr, wt.%) has excellent mechanical properties, but precipitates in this alloy have not been well understood. In this work, precipitate phases γ'', γ, and δ formed during the isothermal ageing process at 150, 200, 250, and 300 °C have been characterized using atomic-resolution high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy and atomic-scale energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The morphology, crystal structure, and orientation relationship of these precipitate phases have been determined. Domain boundaries usually exist in a single γ particle, which can be characterized by a separation vector of [11¯01]α. The δ phase forms in situ from its precursor γ phase, consequently leading to the formation of three different variants within a single δ particle. The nucleation of the δ phase is strongly related to the domain boundaries of the γ phase. The formation of the γ phase may be promoted by its precursor γ'' phase. The similarities in atomic structures of the γ'', γ, and δ phases are described and discussed, indicating that transformations between these precipitate phases can be accomplished through the diffusion of added alloying elements. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Select Degraded creep resistance induced by static precipitation strengthening in high-pressure die casting Mg-Al-Sm alloy Qiang Yang, Shuhui Lv, Bo Deng, Norbert Hort, Yuanding Huang, Wei Sun, Xin Qiu J. Mater. Sci. Technol.    2024, 178: 48-58.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2023.08.035 Abstract （36）      PDF       Knowledge map    Relationship between precipitation strengthening and creep resistance improvement has been an important topic for the widespread applications of magnesium alloys. Generally, static precipitation strengthening through thermal stable precipitates would generate satisfactory creep resistance. However, an opposite example is presented in this work and we propose that the size of precipitates plays a crucial role in controlling the operative creep mechanisms. In addition, the precipitate components along with their crystal structures in the crept Mg-4Al-3Sm-0.4Mn samples with/without pre-aging were thoroughly studied using Cs aberration-corrected high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM). Previous aging generates a large density of fine precipitates (< ～5 nm) homogeneously distributing in Mg matrix and exhibiting satisfactory strengthening effect. However, the number density of precipitate strings consisting of several or even dozens of relatively coarse precipitates (～10 nm) was significantly decreased at the same time. As revealed in this work, the relatively coarse particles in Mg matrix are much more efficient than the fine precipitates in promoting dislocation climb. Therefore, the rate-controlling mechanisms are transferred from dislocation climb to dislocation slip after previous aging, thus leading to degradation of creep resistance. Moreover, there are mainly five types of precipitates/clusters, namely β″-(Al, Mg)3Sm, Al5Sm3, ordered Al-Sm cluster, ordered Al-Mn cluster and ordered/unordered AlMnSm clusters. The crystal structures of the former two precipitates were discussed and the formation mechanisms of the precipitates/clusters were revealed. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Select Effect of gradient microstructure on the bendability of AZ31 alloy sheet Lintao Liu, Jieyu Li, Shengwen Bai, Bin Jiang, Chao He, Jianxin Zhou J. Mater. Sci. Technol.    2024, 178: 143-154.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2023.08.036 Abstract （44）      PDF       Knowledge map    Extensive researches have elucidated the pronounced benefits of gradient microstructures for the mechanical properties of metallic materials. However, the ramifications of gradient microstructures on formability, particularly regarding their effects on bendability, remain inadequately understood. In this work, the effects of gradient microstructure on the bendability of AZ31 Mg alloy sheet are systematically investigated by comparing the microstructure evolution and strain distribution in the sheets with uniform microstructure (grain size = 12.8 µm and 91.3 µm) and gradient microstructure (grain size = 11.5-75.4 µm). The results show that the bendability of the sheet with gradient microstructure is significantly improved when the fine grains (FGs) are placed at the outer side (TBE-FG sample) and the bendability is increased by 93.1% compared to the sample with fine and uniform microstructure (CE-FG sample). With coarse grains (CGs) placed at the inner side, the strain at the compressive region of the TBE-FG sample is higher than its counterparts, while the tensile strain at the extended region is lowest among the four samples. Quasi-in-situ bending experiments reveal that the CGs at the inner side of the TBE-FG sample undergo more twinning. Moreover, the increment of residual dislocation density at the outer side of the TBE-FG sample is lower than those of other samples, which extends the bending potential. This work provides a novel perspective to improve the bendability of the Mg alloy sheet. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Select Enhanced strength-ductility synergy of magnesium alloy fabricated by ultrasound assisted directed energy deposition Xinzhi Li, Xuewei Fang, Mugong Zhang, Binglin Wang, Ke Huang J. Mater. Sci. Technol.    2024, 178: 247-261.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2023.09.021 Abstract （94）      PDF       Knowledge map    Investigations on the fabrication of large-size lightweight Mg alloy components by wire-arc directed energy deposition (DED) are steadily flourishing. Nevertheless, most of these components still suffer from inferior performance due to internal defects and inherent columnar grains. Herein, external ultrasound fields with different powers were successfully introduced into the wire-arc DED of AZ31 Mg alloy. The microstructure, defects, and mechanical properties of the fabricated components were carefully characterized and compared. The results show that the external ultrasound fields lead to decreased porosity, complete columnar to equiaxed transition (CET), and enhanced performance. Consequently, the UA90 samples exhibited a remarkable increase of ～30%, ～45%, and ～189% in yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation, respectively. The dominant mechanisms of enhanced strength-ductility synergy were analyzed in detail. This study thus sheds new light on wire-arc DED of Mg alloy components with excellent performance via external ultrasound fields. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Select Influence of high temperature oxidation on mechanical properties and in vitro biocompatibility of WE43 magnesium alloy fabricated by laser powder b e d fusion Jinge Liu, Shuyuan Min, Zijun Mao, Mengran Zhou, Bingchuan Liu, Dazhi Liu, Fei Song, Peng Wen, Yun Tian, Yufeng Zheng J. Mater. Sci. Technol.    2024, 179: 26-39.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2023.08.056 Abstract （54）      PDF       Knowledge map    Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) has been used to fabricate biodegradable Mg implants of WE43 alloy, but the degradation is too fast compared with the term bone reconstruction. Previous studies show that high temperature oxidation (HTO) can successfully inhibit the degradation of WE43 alloy. In this work, the in?uence of HTO on L-PBF samples of WE43 alloy was investigated regarding tensile, compressive, and abrasive resistance, as well as in vitro cytotoxicity, cell proliferation, hemolysis, and osteogenesis. Compared with the as-built L-PBF samples, HTO increased grain size and grain texture, stabilized and coarsened precipitates, and caused discontinuous static recrystallization in the matrix. The oxide layer at the surface of the HTO samples improved surface roughness, hydrophilia, hardness, and abrasive resis-tance. The tensile strength decreased slightly from 292 to 265 MPa, while the elongation substantially increased from 10.97% to 16.58% after HTO. The in vitro cell viability, cell proliferation, hemolysis, and osteogenic effect were considerably enhanced due to the improvement of surface quality and the initial inhibition of excessive Mg2+ releasement. Overall, HTO is of great bene?t to the surface performance, ductility, and biocompatibility of WE43 alloy fabricated by L-PBF for biodegradable applications. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Select Optimization of the in vitro biodegradability, cytocompatibility, and wear resistance of the AZ31B alloy by micro-arc oxidation coatings doped with zinc phosphate Chao Yang, Suihan Cui, Ricky K.Y. Fu, Liyuan Sheng, Min Wen, Daokui Xu, Ying Zhao, Yufeng Zheng, Paul K. Chu, Zhongzhen Wu J. Mater. Sci. Technol.    2024, 179: 224-239.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2023.09.019 Abstract （1613）      PDF       Knowledge map    As implanted bone fixation materials, magnesium (Mg) alloys have significant advantages because the density and elastic modulus are closest to those of the human bone and they can bio-degrade in the physiological environment. However, Mg alloys degrade too rapidly and uncontrollably thus hampering clinical adoption. In this study, a highly corrosion-resistant zinc-phosphate-doped micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coating is prepared on the AZ31B alloy, and the degradation process is assessed in vitro. With increasing zinc phosphate concentrations, both the corrosion potentials and charge transfer resistance of the AZ31B alloy coated with MAO coatings increase gradually, while the corrosion current densities diminish gradually. Immersion tests in the simulated body fluid (SBF) reveal that the increased zinc phosphate concentration in MAO coating decreases the degradation rate, consequently reducing the release rates of Mg2+ and OH- in the physiological micro-environment, which obtains the lowest weight loss of only 5.22% after immersion for 56 days. Effective regulation of degradation provides a weak alkaline environment that is suitable for long-term cell growth and subsequent promotion of bone proliferation, differentiation, mineralization, and cytocompatibility. In addition, the zinc-phosphate-doped MAO coatings show an improved wear resistance as manifested by a wear rate of only 3.81?×?10-5 mm3 N-1 m-1. The results reveal a suitable strategy to improve the properties of biodegradable Mg alloys to balance tissue healing with mechanical degradation. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Select Enhancing Mg-Li alloy hydrogen storage kinetics by adding molecular sieve via friction stir processing Bin Li, Xuan Sun, Hao Chen, Yan Yang, Qun Luo, Xiaohua Yang, Yu'an Chen, Guobing Wei, Qian Li, Fusheng Pan J. Mater. Sci. Technol.    2024, 180: 45-54.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2023.04.051 Abstract （40）      PDF       Knowledge map    Mg-Li alloy is a lightweight hydrogen storage material with high hydrogen capacity, but its poor kinetics limited its practical applications. In this work, MCM-22 molecular sieve was added to Mg-Li alloy by friction stir processing (FSP) as the catalyst to enhance the kinetic properties of Mg-Li alloy (denoted as Mg-Li-MCM-22). The resulting Mg-Li-MCM-22 possesses the reversible hydrogen storage capacity of ca. 6 wt.% and can release 5.62 wt.% hydrogen within 50 min at 623 K, showing improved kinetics. The Chou model and Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov (JMAK) model calculations reveal that the lattice defects generated by FSP improve the kinetics of hydrogen adsorption/desorption. The pinning effect of MCM-22 particles produces more grain boundaries and dislocations, thus, increasing the diffusion rate of hydrogen atoms and providing more nucleation sites, therefore, reducing the dehydrogenation activation energy. This work provides a new strategy for the preparation of hydrogen storage materials. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Select The effect of precipitates on the fracture behavior and tensile properties of Mg-14Gd-0.5Zr (wt.%) alloy Chunxiao Li, Jianxiong Wei, Jianfeng Jin, Hong Yan, Zhiwei Shan, Yaozong Mao, Rongshi Chen J. Mater. Sci. Technol.    2024, 180: 226-242.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2023.08.062 Abstract （29）      PDF       Knowledge map    The effect of precipitation aging on the fracture behavior of cast Mg-14.23Gd-0.45Zr (wt.%) alloy at room temperature has been studied in this work. Uniaxial tensile and three-point bending tests were conducted on samples peak-aged at 175, 200, 225, and 250 ℃. Notably, samples aged at 175 ℃ and 200 ℃ exhibited premature fracture during the uniaxial tensile test. Through fractographic observations of the tensile test samples and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis on the samples subjected to three-point bending tests, a preferential formation of cleavage cracks in samples aged at 175 ℃ and 200 ℃ was identified as the reason for their premature fracture. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations of precipitates indicate that the dominant strengthening precipitates in all peak-aged samples are of the β' phase, and their size significantly influences the formation of cleavage cracks. This phenomenon is attributed to the shearing mechanism of precipitates. Specifically, the smaller β' precipitates formed under the aging temperature of 175-200 ℃ are susceptible to dislocation shearing, leading to the formation of cleavage cracks. In contrast, the larger size of β' precipitates formed under the aging temperature of 225-250 ℃ provides resistance to shearing, resulting in the restrained formation of cleavage cracks and ultimately contributing to the enhancement of the ultimate tensile strength. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Select Distinguished roles of static aging and strain aging in the microstructure and creep resistance of Mg-4Y-3.5Nd alloy Zhirou Zhang, Qinghuan Huo, Yuxiu Zhang, Byung-joo Kim, Hiromi Nagaumi, Xuyue Yang J. Mater. Sci. Technol.    2024, 181: 20-40.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2023.07.080 Abstract （88）      PDF       Knowledge map    This work concerns the distinguished roles of static aging and strain aging in the creep resistance of a hot-rolled Mg-4Y-3.5Nd alloy. The solution-treated sample is named AS while the peak-aged sample obtained from static aging at 220 °C is named AA. The strain aging (creep loading) was performed for both AS and AA samples at 220, 250 and 280 °C, respectively. The results showed that the creep resistance of both samples was closely related to the width of precipitate-free zones (PFZs). Under low stress, the dislocation cross-slip was effectively delayed by the precipitates and the existing PFZs widened slowly in the AA sample, leading to its stronger creep resistance compared to the AS sample. Inversely, under high stress, pyramidal 〈c+a〉 slip was more frequently activated, which could not be delayed by the coarsened precipitates. Consequently, the widening rate of PFZs became fast and the creep resistance became weaker in the AA sample. From the above-mentioned results, this work provides a novel guide for using Mg alloys with rare-earth addition. At the temperature range of 220-280 °C, static aging is positive for creep resistance under low stress, while directly performing strain aging without static aging is recommended for creep resistance under high stress. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Select Effect of forging temperature on the microstructure, subsequent aging precipitation behavior, and mechanical properties of Mg-Gd-Y-Zr-Ag alloy Yingjie Huang, Yingchun Wan, Chuming Liu, Shunong Jiang, Yonghao Gao, Zhiyong Chen J. Mater. Sci. Technol.    2024, 181: 41-57.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2023.09.024 Abstract （48）      PDF       Knowledge map    The deformation mechanism, microstructure evolution, and precipitation behavior of a Mg-8.9Gd-1.8Y-0.5Zr-0.2Ag (wt.%) alloy multi-directionally forged at three different temperatures were investigated. As the forging temperature increases, the particle-stimulated nucleation (PSN) effect diminishes as the number of dynamic precipitates decreases, pyramidal slip is activated, grain boundary migration accelerates, and continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) dominates. The microstructures varied greatly, although fine-grained structures were formed at all different forging temperatures. Competitive precipitation between dynamic precipitate growth, dislocation-induced precipitation, and homogeneous precipitation was observed after aging treatment. Among them, the medium temperature (748 K) forged and aged alloy exhibits the best mechanical performance, with an ultimate tensile strength of 436 MPa, and elongation of 16.3%. The calculation indicates that the mixed precipitation structure containing the $\beta^{\prime}$ precipitate band provides a 35% higher strengthening contribution than the typical homogeneously distributed precipitates. The formation of precipitation-free zones (PFZs) ensures that aging will not cause a dramatic decrease in ductility, which provides a reference for the industrial preparation of high-performance wrought Mg-Gd series alloys. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Select Achieving ultra-high corrosion-resistant Mg-Zn-Sc alloys by forming Sc-assisted protective corrosion product film Wenjun Ci, Xianhua Chen, Xu Dai, Chunquan Liu, Yanlong Ma, Di Zhao, Fusheng Pan J. Mater. Sci. Technol.    2024, 181: 138-151.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2023.08.068 Abstract （51）      PDF       Knowledge map    The weak corrosion resistance of magnesium and its alloys greatly limited the industrial application. Though functional self-healing coatings have been proposed as countermeasures, repeated damages on coatings under practical installation and complex external environments could require self-adaptive corrosion protection against multiple abrasions. In this study, an ultra-high corrosion-resistant Mg-1Zn-1Sc (wt.%) alloy with a corrosion rate of 0.087 mm/y has been designed and prepared, which has fine grains and uniform structure of a nano-scale ScZn phase with low potential. A unique and dense corrosion product film with a three-layered structure was found and studied on Mg-1Zn-1Sc alloy, providing excellent corrosion protection. In addition, the formation and protection mechanisms of the three-layered corrosion product film on Mg-1Zn-1Sc alloy have been discussed and proposed. The growth behavior of protective corrosion product film could be driven by the synergy of Sc and Zn elements. Furthermore, with the increase of Sc content, the strength, plasticity, and corrosion resistance of Mg-1Zn-xSc (x = 0, 0.2, 0.6, 1.0, in wt.%) alloys increased simultaneously. The high corrosion resistance and moderate mechanical performance qualify Mg-1Zn-1Sc alloy as a promising candidate for diverse industrial applications. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Select Metal-organic framework [NH2-MIL-53(Al)] functionalized TiO2 nanotube photoanodes for highly stable and efficient photoelectrochemical cathodic protection of nickel-coated Mg alloy Huan Yao, Ruifeng Zhang, Yu Wen, Yue Liu, Gang Yu, Zhi-Hui Xie J. Mater. Sci. Technol.    2024, 182: 67-78.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2023.09.038 Abstract （48）      PDF       Knowledge map    Metal-organic framework [MOF, i.e., NH2-MIL-53(Al)] modified TiO2 (NMT) composite photoanodes were successfully prepared by hydrothermal synthesis and were used for the photoelectrochemical cathodic protection (PECCP) of nickel-plated magnesium alloy (Mg/Ni). Results showed that the synthesis temperature significantly impacted the morphology and PECCP performance of the NMT photoanodes. The NMT@150 photoanode prepared at a reaction temperature of 150 °C exhibited the best PECCP performance and produced a current density of 1980 μA cm-2 under visible light irradiation, which was 19.8 times higher than that of a single TiO2 photoanode. The composite photoanode could polarize the open circuit potential of the coupled Mg/Ni electrode to -876 mV and remain relatively stable within 35 h. XPS and EPR tests showed that a Z-scheme heterojunction was formed between the NH2-MIL-53(Al) and TiO2 nanotubes, allowing the photogenerated electrons to accumulate mainly on the conduction band of NH2-MIL-53(Al). The heterojunction greatly promoted the separation and transfer of photogenerated electron-hole in the NMT composite photoanode, significantly enhancing the PECCP performance for Mg/Ni. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Select Additive manufacturing of porous magnesium alloys for biodegradable orthopedic implants: Process, design, and modification Bo Peng, Haojing Xu, Fei Song, Peng Wen, Yun Tian, Yufeng Zheng J. Mater. Sci. Technol.    2024, 182: 79-110.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2023.08.072 Abstract （94）      PDF       Knowledge map    Biodegradable magnesium (Mg) alloys exhibit excellent biocompatibility, adequate mechanical properties, and osteogenic effect. They can contribute to complete recovery of damaged tissues without concerns about a second surgery and have achieved clinical applications in orthopedic and cardiovascular fields. Porous scaffolds can provide functions such as bone integration and adjustable mechanical properties, thus widely used for bone repair. Additive manufacturing (AM) offers the advantages of design freedom and high precision, enabling the reliable production of porous scaffolds with customized structures. The combination of biodegradable Mg alloys, porous scaffolds, and AM processes has created tremendous opportunities for the precision treatment of bone defects. This article reviews the current development in the additive manufacturing process and design of Mg alloy biodegradable orthopedic implants, focusing on chemical compositions, structural design, surface treatment, and their effects on mechanical properties, degradation behavior, and biocompatibility. Finally, the future perspective of porous Mg alloy biodegradable orthopedic implants is proposed. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Select Relationship between solidification path, microstructure evolution and solidification cracking behavior of Mg-Al-Ca alloy during TIG welding Sensen Chai, Qingwei Dai, Shiyu Zhong, Qingshan Yang, Limeng Yin, Dingfei Zhang, Jingkai Feng, Qian Li J. Mater. Sci. Technol.    2024, 182: 176-186.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2023.10.016 Abstract （47）      PDF       Knowledge map    The high-strength and creep-resistant Mg-Al-Ca-Mn alloys have broad application prospects. However, solidification cracking occurs in these alloys in certain conditions and the origin is still unclear. This work investigated the relationship between the solidification path, microstructure evolution and solidification cracking behavior of the Mg-xAl-2Ca-Mn alloys during tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding. Results show that when the fusion zone's Ca/Al mass ratio ranges from 0.4 to 1.64, solidification cracking occurs at a Ca/Al mass ratio of ～0.7. As the Ca/Al mass ratio approaches this value, the grain size increases, and the Laves phases are reduced gradually. The early formed Laves phases play an important role in promoting dendrite segmentation, refining grain size and enhancing grain boundaries. When a solidification path delays the formation of Laves phases, the Laves phases will be reduced accompanied by grain coarsening. In such a solidifying microstructure, intergranular cavitation is easy to occur, and the resistance of the semi-solid alloy to crack propagation is severely reduced. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Select Simultaneously improving the strength and ductility of AZ91/GNPs composites through decorating graphene nanoplatelets with MgO Pingbo Wang, Jun Shen, Tijun Chen, Jiqiang Ma, Qinglin Li, Shaokai Zheng J. Mater. Sci. Technol.    2024, 183: 133-151.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2023.10.020 Abstract （56）      PDF       Knowledge map    Magnesium matrix composites (MgMCs) have always suffered low strengthening efficiency and poor ductility due to the difficulties in pursuing the well-bonded interface. Herein, graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) were decorated with magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) through chemical co-precipitation and then incorporated into AZ91 alloy to fabricate MgMCs via powder thixoforging. The effect of MgO on the interface of the Mg/graphene system was investigated based on the first-principles calculations, and the result indicated that modifying GNPs with MgO NPs was helpful in improving the Mg-GNP interface bonding. The interface structural analysis revealed that the MgO NPs were firmly bonded with both GNPs and α-Mg through the distortion area bonding and semi-coherent interfacial bonding, severing as a bridge to fasten the interface bonding of composites. In addition, the MgO NPs on GNPs acted as a barrier to prevent GNPs from seriously reacting with the AZ91 alloy. As a result, the AZ91/MgO@GNPs composite was endowed with enhancements of 31% and 10% in the yield strength, and increments of 71% and 61% in elongation compared with the AZ91 alloy and AZ91/GNPs composite, respectively, exhibiting a more significant potential in optimizing the strength-toughness tradeoff compared with the AZ91/GNPs. Moreover, the possible strengthening and toughening mechanisms were also discussed in detail. This work offers a relatively novel surface modification strategy to modulate the Mg-GNP interface for a simultaneous improvement of strength and ductility. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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